Reference #436: Organizational Culture and Leadership

In his 2001 study, Hofstede surveyed IBM employees across all nations in which they had offices. He identified six dimensions of culture across which nations can be compared:

• Individualism vs. collectivism: the degree to which society is built around individual or around groups as the basic unit
• Power distance: the difference in social and psychological status between the highest and lowest powered people in the society
• Masculinity-femininity distance: the degree to which gender roles and differentiated
• Tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty: the need for clear structures, processes, and rules
• Short-run vs. long-run time orientation: the degree to which members of society are concerned only about the near future vs. plan for the distant future

Schein. Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2017. (82-83)

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